Analytical Depression


by Dennis M. Hammes


Copyright ©1995 by FISHHOOK and Dennis M.
Hammes, all rights reserved. The publication of
this pamphlet by any other agency without express
permission is gauche, and will be sniggered at.


Published in the United States of America by
Scrawlmark Publishing
1016 South Third Street
Moorhead, MN 56560-3355


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Depression.

This year, in the United States alone, episodes of major depression will kill over 38,000 people. The cause of death will not be listed as "depression." It will be listed as "suicide." In every case, it will go unexplained. The majority of another 380,000 attempted suicides will even go unreported. (I am not speaking of those who commit suicide regularly, for the sole purpose of reporting it.) 3.8 million people will not make the attempt, but will think seriously about it at least once this year. The cause of all this thanatopsis is one kind or another of depression. Depression is the most common mental disorder of this century. Whether it is because times are getting tougher than we are (which seems not the case), because we are getting so decadent we cannot live up to the times (which may seem the case but isn't), or merely because cases that always existed but suffered in silence and without help, are finally being reported for treatment (aha), depression appears to afflict almost an order of magnitude more people now than formerly. Fortunately, we have, since the late 1950's, the first effective treatments for depression that we have ever had. Until early in this century, the depressed patient was not distinguished from the schizophrenic (both were afflicted with "dementia praecox"), or from the patient in the final throes of syphilis. This was more than often unfortunate, for at that time the treatment for severe schizophrenia was frontal lobotomy or prefrontal leucotomy, treatments utterly useless against depression. Some cultures drilled holes in the skull to let out the demons, and most people so treated actually survived -- still sick. That at least some depression might have a clinical foundation was first indicated by side effects of other medications given in the treatment of utterly nonmental disorders. Thus reserpine, used in the treatment of high blood pressure, was observed to cause severe clinical depression as well, while ipronazid, once given in the treatment of tuberculosis, caused severe clinical mania. The only difference between these side effects and the clinical disorder is that the side effects were acute, and disappeared upon withdrawal of the drug. Depression, on the other hand, is chronic, and returns upon the withdrawal of specific treatment.

Depression Defined.

During depressive periods there is depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, usual activities or pastimes. There will be also three or more of the following symptoms: 1. insomnia or hypersomnia; 2. low energy or chronic fatigue, but clinical reasons for this must be eliminated; 3. feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, self- reproach, or excessive or inappropriate guilt; in this, there may be a marked tendency to accept criticism and even punishment as if deserved, even when in fact they are not. A potentially-lethal side-effect of low self-esteem is the chronic belief that one's work is not worth his pay, causing the sufferer to work for little or nothing, or to quit his job for that he is unworthy of it, and to take on menial or no labor, whose wages are insufficient to his needs; 4. decreased effectiveness or productivity at school, work, or home; 5. decreased attention, concentration, or ability to think clearly; 6. social withdrawal; 7. loss of interest in or enjoyment of sex; 8. restriction of involvement in pleasurable activities; guilt over past pleasures; 9. feeling slowed down; 10. less talkative than usual; 11. pessimistic attitude toward the future, or brooding about past events; 12. tearfulness or crying; 13. poor appetite or significant weight loss when not dieting, or increased appetite or significant weight gain; 14. psychomotor agitation or retardation; 15. complaints or evidence of diminished ability to think or concentrate, such as slowed thinking, or indecisiveness; 16. recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, wishes to be dead, or suicide attempt. There is a definitive absence of psychotic features such as delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, or loosening of associations. There is a lack of even momentary reaction to usually- pleasurable circumstances or events. When accompanied by significant weight loss or anorexia, this stage of depression used to be called melancholy, and people occasionally died of it. Chronic depression often causes feelings of being abused. These may be a direct result of the depression. But because depression (of either type) will do almost anything for a kind word, and because there are many people who are willing to abuse that willingness to their own ends, real abuse is also likely. The feeling of worthlessness associated with chronic depression is quite satisfied with not being paid for its work. The feeling of being good enough to help out, that cannot be had any other way, is payment enough for the chronically depressed, being one of their few proofs of self-esteem. This relationship is also subject to severe use and abuse by certain kinds of people.

Kinds of Depression.

Depression exists in two forms, Clinical Depression, caused by a chemical imbalance in the body and brain, and Analytical Depression, caused by information mismanagement. While Clinical Depression often has a strong residuum of Analytical Depression, Analytical Depression may be found by itself. However, they are outwardly indistinguishable, and may be indistinguishable to the patient. Thus, the first avenue of treatment for depression is necessarily clinical. If you believe you have depression, it will be necessary to see a psychiatrist. If antidepressant drugs appear to do no good, or not enough good, the residual indication is Analytical Depression -- and you are going to have to go to work on yourself, with a little solid help. Depression is particularly corrosive to self-esteem, but that corrosion has causes that may be addressed by one, the other, or both, of drugs and information therapy. Before 1960, the only treatment available was information therapy, that of course could have no effect on an imbalance in brain chemistry. The remarkable thing was not how well analysis succeeded in these cases, but that it succeeded at all, and, indeed, even Clinical Depression may be fought to a draw, and advanced against, by competent information therapy.

Clinical Depression.

Clinical depression is characterised by depressed levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain chemistry. It is a form of information mismanagement in which potentially good information is distorted toward a negative result by the machinery of the brain. Conversely, mania is characterised by elevated levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. In the bipolar, these levels alternate. Because serotonin is critical to the mechanism of sleep, depression is usually accompanied by chronic, severe sleep disturbance. In diagnosing clinical depression, Bipolar Disorder must be eliminated, for the medications effective against clinical depression are useless in the treatment of the depression associated with 60% of bipolars, i.e., the two types have a different metabolism. In addition, treatment for depression alone may drive a bipolar into mania. In all its forms, Clinical Depression is charac- terised by the fact that it responds only to drug therapy. It is further distinguished into two types, the 75% of cases that respond to tricyclic antidepressants, and the 25% of cases that do not. All cases of depression associated with bipolarity are of the second kind. This usually responds to monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.

Analytical Depression.

Analytical depression is that which results from information mismanagement in which the information itself is at fault. It is always self-inflicted. The only question is whether that infliction is accidental or deliberate. It almost always follows from allowing falsehoods (face it, lies) into your predication language. Your "predication language" is the one you use to plan things and carry them out. It includes perceptions, natural mathematics, and the process of thinking, but especially memories. Naturally, if one or more, sometimes even all, of the steps of a plan are false, the plan won't work. You expected it to announce to the world (and to yourself) what a great person you are, and it turns around and calls you a bozo. This failure of one's own plans is particularly abrasive to self-esteem, especially if success at the plan is necessary to the self- image, so that you must keep trying it -- and keep failing. The consequenses of these failures are enormous. Because you do not, at first, dare to blame yourself, you blame the world -- which because of your blame becomes not worth learning, not worth getting, not worth having, not worth keeping. Rather than being worth learning, it becomes only worth belittling: by putting the world lower than yourself, you are better than something -- and this is the only way you can achieve the relationship. You do the same thing to people. But, eventually, you see that other people are not having these problems, that they and the world are doing quite well despite your opinions of them, so you blame yourself all in a lump. At that point, nothing, not just The Plan, is worth doing or even attempting, because, in your opinion, you'll only screw it up. At this point, the only obvious choices are depression and fantasy. One of the most appalling fantasies available to any mind, but particularly enjoyable to the victim of depression, is devaluation. Most people call this the put-down. Because the depressed person cannot elevate himself, whether through the misfortune of Clinical Depression or the incompe-tence of Analytical Depression, he seeks to make things "even" by dragging down whatever he sees as greater or better-off than himself. He has no real effect on his target, but the damage he does to himself is immeasurable: it is precisely by learning whatever is greater than himself that he could fight depression -- successfully. Chronic devaluation is the most common and severe form of a condition known as Latched Depression.

Latched Depression.

Latched Depression is a severe form of Analytical Depression. But where ordinary Analytical Depression only stays with you as long as you hold to information that is both crucial and false, Latched Depression has taken hold of your tools against depression to such an extent that it creates false information which excuses your condition and denies that you can ever break out of it, "so why bother to try." In this form of the disorder, you have decided to take a shortcut, and evaluate information for its worth, using a degraded self-esteem, before you actually know what it is. It makes no difference if you reject or alter the information through resignation, because you believe yourself to be unworth the effort to learn it, or through petulance, because you believe the world is not worth learning. Thus, where Clinical and Analytical Depression attack past and present worth, Latched Depression attacks future worth, so that things of value are usually not even attempted. There being no value, no accomplishment, coming into the life, depression rules. It is at this point that Analytical Depression, reinforcing itself into permanence, mimics Clinical Depression. The difference is that Latched Analytical Depression does not respond to drug therapy. Further, its onset is very gradual, such that you don't know quite when it happened: it seems always to have been around in one manner or other. The usual result of this observation is the belief that you are just "built that way," and "therefore" can't do anything about your depression. Unfortunately, the popular recognition of depression still supports this utterly false view. Clinical, Analytical, and Latched Depression can be fully treated.

Make a Contract.

The first thing you must do to succeed at fighting depression is to make a contract with yourself. In it, you agree that, no matter how bad things get, the fight is worth it because the world is worth it and your happiness is worth it. It is worth noting that, to the severely depressed, these concepts appear to be somewhere between the unattainable and the ludicrous. You must also agree, not on faith but as part of the bargain, that your happiness is possible. Only then can you make a treatment contract with a physician or analyst. Treatment is only possible under the roof of these contracts. No psychiatrist can help you if the first thing you do when you get out of the office is to break your contract with him by agreeing with yourself that you and the world are still lousy. Only your contract with yourself, rigorously enforced (take yourself by the scruff, if you have to), can protect your contract with him. This is not to ask you to believe that your happiness is possible. That way lies failure: if you are depressed, you already believe your happiness is impossible, and nothing exists thus far to shake that belief, let alone obliterate it. The contract is not to believe, but to remember, to behave, and to do -- which are far more powerful. Above all, contract with yourself to know, and not to rely on somebody else's opinion of what you know and who you are. It is extremely depressing for an adult to be such a dependent. And you always know it.

Do What You Know How to Do.

This simple formula is not so obvious as it sounds once it has been said. Millions attempt things every day, that they do not know how to do, usually on the strength of a belief in heard information. This is the worst source. The best source is the things you have done, whether they worked or not. If you continue trying what you do not know, but only believe, you will continue to get worse in your attempts. But if you continue to do what you know, you will get better -- inevitably -- until what you know tells you something new. When you are faced with a problem, do the parts of it that you know how to do, and the rest will suggest their own solutions as you work on the first parts. There was little that made you feel better than being able to say, "Mom, I did it myself." It's still true. When you have done something well, do it again, if for no other reason than that it feels good to do it. Eating is the exception to this rule, dammit. If you have made something, make another. The second -- and the tenth -- are easier than the first, will be better than the first, and can usually be sold in any of several ways. Nothing makes you feel better than a little income on the side, because it is people's way of agreeing with you, where it counts, that you did it well.

Refuse to Do a Thing Poorly.

If you do a thing poorly, you know it, even if someone else says otherwise. This knowledge is always depressing. In many cases, the refusal to do a thing poorly is the refusal to do it at all, until you have the elbow room to do it right. Be aware that this is not always possible; some things must be kludged through out of necessity. But you can always improve on a kludge: at least you know enough to be able to do it at all, and the mechanics of Doing What You Know How To Do will improve your performance.

Keep Raising the Bar.

Do not try to be satisfied with the same level of doing the same thing every week. You will only bore yourself to death. This feels a lot like depression, but it isn't. If you make things, try to add something that belongs to it, to the next one. If you are doing something, try to do it a little better or a little faster each time. When you reach your limit, con-sider trying something different. Above all, do not rely on the praise of others, to tell you that you are doing well, and especially do not rely on that praise to become greater. Praise wears out, both on the one getting it and in the one giving it, so that what was once a glad recognition of achievement has slowly become the stale recognition of having gone stale. Just as it is easier to switch crafts than to keep getting better at a small craft that does not involve an expression of art, it is easier to change jobs than to be promoted in a small organisation, or any organisation run by politics. The depressed cannot politick, because politics is the art of selling oneself, and the depressed believe they have nothing to sell. Yes, changing jobs is scary: it can make you one of the unemployed -- and then you'll take anything, and be worse off than you started. But if you find your new job before you say a single thing at the old one...

Check Your Premises.

Be right, or be sick. If you are not right, you cannot do; if you cannot do, you have no self-esteem; if you have no self-esteem, you are depressed, and nothing is "worth it" because you aren't. So goes the logic, and the logic is right. And this logic will drive you into the ground and keep you there. But this logic is not all there is to the world. It will never let you go by itself, but the rest of world can make it let you go. But the world needs your help -- or, rather, needs that you do not interfere with its help. Is that "necessary" and so-dear belief about yourself, somebody else, or the world, on which you rely for an excuse, really true? Or did you swallow it because somebody, even a lot of people, said it was marvellous? Or, worse, because you want it that way? Or, worst, did you swallow it because it was so instantly tasty the first time you had it? You can waste your whole life living under the onus of a false belief -- and you will spend that life hating the world and blaming yourself that it does not come true. Fortunately, there is an easy way to be right.

Welcome the World.

Learning is your investment in being. What you do not learn, you cannot do. What you do not do, you cannot add to yourself. Everything you leave out of your life diminishes you -- and a sufficient diminution is depression. Hell, a "sufficient diminution" is death -- and it often happens to the depressed. It happened to Ernest Hemingway. It happened to Sylvia Plath. It happened to Anne Sexton. It happened to John Berryman. It happened to Kurt Cobain. There's a whole world out there, and there is no reason to be wrong about any of it: unlike people, every part of the world will tell you exactly what it is, with no fooling. All you need to do is shut up and let it speak its piece. Face it, if you insist on fantasies, the world will insist on slapping them down -- and you along with them. But if you want what you can have, you will never be disappointed provided only that you put a little or a lot of effort into what you want. And, face it, this rational effort is the only way any of us stay happy. The world loves those who stroke it, and always gets even with those who try to kick it (it has a way of not being actually kicked, anyway). Your condition is yours, not the world's, and is not the world's fault, either -- even in the case of clinical depression. Any falsehoods you choose to live with are your own fault. Not your mother's, not your teachers', not your church's, not the government's. Because if anybody tells you a lie, you can figure it out even without knowing the truth. And you already know this. And you already know how. All you need is to dare to do it. The only price is a crippling fantasy. And all that is at stake is your life.

Dare to Dream.

What two things did Gustav Mahler, Abraham Lincoln, Ludwig van Beethoven, Winston Churchill, Johannes Brahms, T.S. Eliot, Henry James, and Errol Flynn have in common? All suffered from clinical depression before there was any treatment for it -- and all disciplined themselves to greatness one step at a time despite it. But in order to become great, you must think great. As Oscar Hammerstein II wrote, "If you don't have a dream, how you gonna have a dream come true?" And let the world help you dream, or it will surely hinder you. This means that you must start your dreams from the right end! You must start with what you're given to dream with, not with what you imagine you'd like. This turns out to be no restriction at all: world is not only stranger and more wonderful than we imagine, it is stranger than we can imagine.

Have a Purpose!

Antonin Artaud writes, "Very little is needed to destroy a man. He needs only the conviction that his work is useless." Ayn Rand writes, "There is nothing so worthless as a human being without purpose." If you have a purpose and work toward it, then, no matter how small that purpose, your effort will always have value -- to you, perchance to others. If you wish to feel a greater value, and you will, strike a greater purpose. You may even strike a purpose that will take your entire lifetime, or even generations. Purposes may be had anywhere, and with anything. Cause something to grow. Help something to grow. Build something up. Cut something down to make way for a greater. Take something apart to make something better out of it. Turn junk to magnificence. Make a silk purse out of a sow's ear -- or whatever you are given to do it with. But do it.

Develop Spannungsbogen.

The mind can imagine a fantasy in a tenth of a second, and develop it to its conclusion in ten. But the nonfulfillment of these ideas will grind you down unless you develop spannungsbogen, which is the self-imposed wait between seeing a thing and grabbing for it. Cats have spannungsbogen; it is what makes them such good hunters. Dogs don't. Children don't. Adults must. You must at all times keep pace with your pace, pushing yourself only a little bit at each step or you will overreach and fall on your face. You cannot want a thing to happen faster than it happens, or you will live a life of chronic disappointment. If you blame yourself for the failure, the result is depression. If you blame the world for the failure, the result is petulant ignorance, a chronic inability to perform, the blaming yourself for the wrong thing, and more depression. Spannungsbogen lets the world make the rules, and chooses only among what it offers for choice; it does not choose what isn't offered. There is a special case, however, in which something is not offered -- but you know you can make it out of what is offered. This is called "invention." It is in the pursuit of invention that spannungsbogen is most needed, because a purpose, being dearer than all other things, most chides you for its not being fulfilled. You must establish a schedule toward your purpose, stick to that schedule, and measure your fulfilment by it. To reach is to be off balance. You have to know how to reach, or you will fall down.

Keep Working.

Life is good -- if you make it good. Face it, you grew up and your mommy won't do it any more. Neither will anyone else. Does your house depress you? Clean it up, shape it up, fix it up, or get another house. Or learn to appreciate it the way it is. I'll bet it keeps the rain off, the cold and the neighbors out, and lets you think if you want to (you should want to). And it's A Place For Your Stuff. Does your job depress you? Clean it up, shape it up, fix it up, or get another job. Or learn to appreciate it the way it is. I was a gas jockey for four years -- while I studied postdoc-toral psychology with no more responsibility than to handle $31 million a year. Does your life depress you? Clean it up, shape it up, fix it up, or get another life. Or learn to appreciate it the way it is. I switched from thirteen years of chemistry, because it was dependent on too many other people, to 26 years of poetry, because it depended only on myself. I was 26, and thought it awfully late to start a new career from scratch. Whatever you decide about these things, and whatever you decide to do about them, keep working. If you stop, nothing happens because nobody's going to do a thing for you. If you stop, you're stuck where you were -- and that's always depressing. But if you work at it, then, no matter how it comes out, you can say, "Well, dammit, I tried." And if you don't you can't.

Weed Your Garden.

Weeds creep into the best of gardens in the best of years, and starve the crops. Junk creeps into the best of households with the most of space, and leaves you with the least of living room. Dandruff creeps under the best of hair. Mistakes creep into the best of dreams for the best of reasons, to leave you with trash or poison. As you do each thing in your life, think about it. Is it necessary? Can it be done better? In less time? More cheaply? How might it be improved? What might be added? Removed? Will it get you what you want? How?

Weed Your Own Garden.

Confucius say, "The trouble with men is this, that they neglect their own work to weed the gardens of others." In a time of universal rice farming, this was serious. Each time you do this, you think there are some most excellent reasons to do it: your own work does not entertain you any more, being more of the same, while your neighbor's work, even if it is exactly the same, is "different"; your own work does not thank you, but the neighbor thanks you profusely; you must do your own work alone, but you get to do your neighbor's work in the company of your neighbor. Work is not expected to entertain, it is expected to be enjoyed. Learn to enjoy your own competence at each stroke and particular. Learn to enjoy that point of things falling into place and seeming to finish themselves: you caused it. Learn to enjoy that each stage of completion is a step toward your purpose, and see to it that it is. Work does not thank you; it is the project and your purpose that thank you by their completion. It is not work that contributes to your self-esteem; it is completion that does so. Learn to keep purpose in view while you work, and you will continually feel the satisfaction of moving toward that purpose with your work. No one works alone: read Frost's "A Tuft of Flowers." Your work puts you in the company, not only of all those who are doing the same sort of work now, but of all those who have done it in the history of man. All who have done that work have done it just as you -- and have had every thought and feeling about it, that you are having. Your work itself is the company of all those people: talk to them. Learn something from them. If none of these things is possible from your work, change your work. You are not tied to a rice paddy -- and give thanks for the fact.

Rebuild Your Dreams.

Dreams have a way of being demolished by reality and by people who don't keep their bargains. Don't ever let a dream stay demolished. But don't try to rebuild it on the same ground or out of the same materials. Either alter it or replace it to account for the facts, or it will collapse again, and the second time is worse than the first. No matter what happens, do not make decisions out of despair. You'll latch. Despair can only decide that the world, and your dream for it and yourself, cannot be attained. Once you decide that, all your actions from then on must prove it. And they will. To you -- and nobody else. Despair is the loneliest emotion. If you find yourself having it, seek out a friend, even if that is a professional "friend." It's one of the things they're for. Whatever happens, pick up the pieces. If you built them well, they'll still build something.

Don't Blame the World.

Blame yourself. Usually. You are somthing you can do something about. But blame yourself effectively. Don't blanket-blame your whole self, your whole life, your whole competence. Blame the one thing that made things go wrong, and fix it. If you blame the world, you throw away your toolbox to happiness, leaving only your naked self and your bare hands. While some men have started with less, this isn't their world and you are not one of them, so hang onto the world: it is your dearest friend. No, if you are depressed, the world is your dearest friend. Depressives simply do not feel good enough about themselves to accept friendship without adding strings: either they feel it is at least a little phony, or they think it has ulterior motives. They may accept the supposed falseness and the motives, but they are sure the friendship has them. Actually, the falseness and the motives are their own, and it is the friend who accepts them. It is attribution that ascribes the depressive's conditions to his friend.

Inventory!

Santayana remarked, "If a man grow, each day reasserts the inadequacy of those gone before." Goethe wrote, "The little vanishes lightly as a wink/ To whom looks on how much is still left over." Left to itself, that sense of inadequacy will add up to depression, such that your whole life can seem inadequate. But the wise man looks at everything he has, with which to do what he must and what he wants. And he looks not only at the goal, but at his progress toward it. If you have any awards, rub them. But don't wear them out. Count and account the things at which you have succeeded. But don't polish them. Count and account the things you know how to do, even if you don't happen to be doing them. Count and account the things you have with which to do what you want. They are your investment capital toward your dream. Count the obstructions, too; you have to deal with them; you have to make the payments. This will give you an accurate estimate of when you can achieve your dream. But count the obstructions only to deal with them: do not ever let them become excuses, for then you are only counting failures, and that's the chief activity of depression. And count the obstructions you have overcome as battles won. Give yourself medals. Count your sins only to get rid of them: no bragging allowed. Do not wallow in your mistakes as though they excused anything, because they don't. Mistakes are time lost forever, and that's not an excuse. You have only so much time, and you don't know how much that is, so it behooves you to pause a little to be sure you're right before you spend that time. Count your tools, their quality, and their condition: they are what you have to get the job done. Don't forget to count yourself, and the fact that you know how to use them. Count your experience, because it does add up. Do not become a miser, that is, do not allow the inventory to become the only reason for keeping it. The subject of the inventory must have a purpose beyond itself. Don't count your boobies before they are hatched. Count your blessings, always. Think you haven't any? Look, dammit. Under your nose.

Keep a Journal.

A journal is the most excellentest place to keep an inventory of yourself and what you think and feel. This is not to be confused with the gossip of a diary, but if you must, you must. Just make sure you go beyond the day's gossip each night when you write of yourself. And write of yourself. You will be surprised (at first) just how many virtues -- and faults, which are for correcting -- you can find in yourself, when you can back off and take a good look at the person who wrote that day's entry, -- who is no longer yourself. And the more time between the writing and the reading, the better the look. Face it, you're the one who has to do the job. So it behooves you to know what the job is. Your journal will tell you exactly what it is, even if you don't want to know. But the information is always there, unlike a fleeting thought about yourself, in case you decide you do want to get to work. And if you have a fleeting thought about yourself, grab your journal and write it down. That's the only thing it's there for, and the only way it can do its job. If you don't have a thought about yourself all day, sit down with the journal at about the same time each day, when the day is mostly done and what it brought is mostly fresh, and write. What you write will take care of itself. Above all else, write. Give it a chance to become a habit, for that's when it works. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ___________ Mr. Hammes is Chair of Psychology at Fishhook Academy of Natural Philosophy.

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